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req(1)

NAME

req - PKCS#10 certificate request and certificate generating utility.

SYNOPSIS

openssl req [-inform PEM|DER] [-outform PEM|DER] [-in filename] [-passin arg] [-out filename] [-passout arg] [-text] [-pubkey] [-noout] [-verify] [-modulus] [-new] [-rand file(s)] [-newkey rsa:bits] [-newkey alg:file] [-nodes] [-key filename] [-keyform PEM|DER] [-keyout filename] [-keygen_engine id] [-[digest]] [-config filename] [-subj arg] [-multivalue-rdn] [-x509] [-days n] [-set_serial n] [-asn1-kludge] [-no-asn1-kludge] [-newhdr] [-extensions section] [-reqexts section] [-utf8] [-nameopt] [-reqopt] [-subject] [-subj arg] [-batch] [-verbose] [-engine id]

DESCRIPTION

The req command primarily creates and processes certificate requests in PKCS#10 format. It can additionally create self signed certificates for use as root CAs for example.

COMMAND OPTIONS

-inform DER|PEM

This specifies the input format. The DER option uses an ASN1 DER encoded form compatible with the PKCS#10. The PEM form is the default format: it consists of the DER format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines.

-outform DER|PEM

This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the -inform option.

-in filename

This specifies the input filename to read a request from or standard input if this option is not specified. A request is only read if the creation options (-new and -newkey) are not specified.

-passin arg

the input file password source. For more information about the format of arg see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).

-out filename

This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by default.

-passout arg

the output file password source. For more information about the format of arg see the PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS section in openssl(1).

-text

prints out the certificate request in text form.

-subject

prints out the request subject (or certificate subject if -x509 is specified)

-pubkey

outputs the public key.

-noout

this option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.

-modulus

this option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key contained in the request.

-verify

verifies the signature on the request.

-new

this option generates a new certificate request. It will prompt the user for the relevant field values. The actual fields prompted for and their maximum and minimum sizes are specified in the configuration file and any requested extensions.

If the -key option is not used it will generate a new RSA private key using information specified in the configuration file.

-subj arg

Replaces subject field of input request with specified data and outputs modified request. The arg must be formatted as /type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=..., characters may be escaped by \ (backslash), no spaces are skipped.

-rand file(s)

a file or files containing random data used to seed the random number generator, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). Multiple files can be specified separated by a OS-dependent character. The separator is ; for MS-Windows, , for OpenVMS, and : for all others.

-newkey arg

this option creates a new certificate request and a new private key. The argument takes one of several forms. rsa:nbits, where nbits is the number of bits, generates an RSA key nbits in size. If nbits is omitted, i.e. -newkey rsa specified, the default key size, specified in the configuration file is used.

All other algorithms support the -newkey alg:file form, where file may be an algorithm parameter file, created by the genpkey -genparam command or and X.509 certificate for a key with approriate algorithm.

param:file generates a key using the parameter file or certificate file, the algorithm is determined by the parameters. algname:file use algorithm algname and parameter file file: the two algorithms must match or an error occurs. algname just uses algorithm algname, and parameters, if neccessary should be specified via -pkeyopt parameter.

dsa:filename generates a DSA key using the parameters in the file filename. ec:filename generates EC key (usable both with ECDSA or ECDH algorithms), gost2001:filename generates GOST R 34.10-2001 key (requires ccgost engine configured in the configuration file). If just gost2001 is specified a parameter set should be specified by -pkeyopt paramset:X

-pkeyopt opt:value

set the public key algorithm option opt to value. The precise set of options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its implementation. See KEY GENERATION OPTIONS in the genpkey manual page for more details.

-key filename

This specifies the file to read the private key from. It also accepts PKCS#8 format private keys for PEM format files.

-keyform PEM|DER

the format of the private key file specified in the -key argument. PEM is the default.

-keyout filename

this gives the filename to write the newly created private key to. If this option is not specified then the filename present in the configuration file is used.

-nodes

if this option is specified then if a private key is created it will not be encrypted.

-[digest]

this specifies the message digest to sign the request with (such as -md5, -sha1). This overrides the digest algorithm specified in the configuration file.

Some public key algorithms may override this choice. For instance, DSA signatures always use SHA1, GOST R 34.10 signatures always use GOST R 34.11-94 (-md_gost94).

-config filename

this allows an alternative configuration file to be specified, this overrides the compile time filename or any specified in the OPENSSL_CONF environment variable.

-subj arg

sets subject name for new request or supersedes the subject name when processing a request. The arg must be formatted as /type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=..., characters may be escaped by \ (backslash), no spaces are skipped.

-multivalue-rdn

this option causes the -subj argument to be interpreted with full support for multivalued RDNs. Example:

/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe

If -multi-rdn is not used then the UID value is 123456+CN=John Doe.

-x509

this option outputs a self signed certificate instead of a certificate request. This is typically used to generate a test certificate or a self signed root CA. The extensions added to the certificate (if any) are specified in the configuration file. Unless specified using the set_serial option 0 will be used for the serial number.

-days n

when the -x509 option is being used this specifies the number of days to certify the certificate for. The default is 30 days.

-set_serial n

serial number to use when outputting a self signed certificate. This may be specified as a decimal value or a hex value if preceded by 0x. It is possible to use negative serial numbers but this is not recommended.

-extensions section
 
-reqexts section

these options specify alternative sections to include certificate extensions (if the -x509 option is present) or certificate request extensions. This allows several different sections to be used in the same configuration file to specify requests for a variety of purposes.

-utf8

this option causes field values to be interpreted as UTF8 strings, by default they are interpreted as ASCII. This means that the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file, must be valid UTF8 strings.

-nameopt option

option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. Alternatively the -nameopt switch may be used more than once to set multiple options. See the x509(1) manual page for details.

-reqopt

customise the output format used with -text. The option argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas.

See discission of the -certopt parameter in the x509 command.

-asn1-kludge

by default the req command outputs certificate requests containing no attributes in the correct PKCS#10 format. However certain CAs will only accept requests containing no attributes in an invalid form: this option produces this invalid format.

More precisely the Attributes in a PKCS#10 certificate request are defined as a SET OF Attribute. They are not OPTIONAL so if no attributes are present then they should be encoded as an empty SET OF. The invalid form does not include the empty SET OF whereas the correct form does.

It should be noted that very few CAs still require the use of this option.

-no-asn1-kludge

Reverses effect of -asn1-kludge

-newhdr

Adds the word NEW to the PEM file header and footer lines on the outputed request. Some software (Netscape certificate server) and some CAs need this.

-batch

non-interactive mode.

-verbose

print extra details about the operations being performed.

-engine id

specifying an engine (by its unique id string) will cause req to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine, thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.

-keygen_engine id

specifies an engine (by its unique id string) which would be used for key generation operations.

CONFIGURATION FILE FORMAT

The configuration options are specified in the req section of the configuration file. As with all configuration files if no value is specified in the specific section (i.e. req) then the initial unnamed or default section is searched too.

The options available are described in detail below.

input_password output_password

The passwords for the input private key file (if present) and the output private key file (if one will be created). The command line options passin and passout override the configuration file values.

default_bits

This specifies the default key size in bits. If not specified then 512 is used. It is used if the -new option is used. It can be overridden by using the -newkey option.

default_keyfile

This is the default filename to write a private key to. If not specified the key is written to standard output. This can be overridden by the -keyout option.

oid_file

This specifies a file containing additional OBJECT IDENTIFIERS. Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed by white space and finally the long name.

oid_section

This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the object identifier followed by = and the numerical form. The short and long names are the same when this option is used.

RANDFILE

This specifies a filename in which random number seed information is placed and read from, or an EGD socket (see RAND_egd(3)). It is used for private key generation.

encrypt_key

If this is set to no then if a private key is generated it is not encrypted. This is equivalent to the -nodes command line option. For compatibility encrypt_rsa_key is an equivalent option.

default_md

This option specifies the digest algorithm to use. Possible values include md5 sha1 mdc2. If not present then MD5 is used. This option can be overridden on the command line.

string_mask

This option masks out the use of certain string types in certain fields. Most users will not need to change this option.

It can be set to several values default which is also the default option uses PrintableStrings, T61Strings and BMPStrings if the pkix value is used then only PrintableStrings and BMPStrings will be used. This follows the PKIX recommendation in RFC2459. If the utf8only option is used then only UTF8Strings will be used: this is the PKIX recommendation in RFC2459 after 2003. Finally the nombstr option just uses PrintableStrings and T61Strings: certain software has problems with BMPStrings and UTF8Strings: in particular Netscape.

req_extensions

this specifies the configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to the certificate request. It can be overridden by the -reqexts command line switch. See the x509v3_config(5) manual page for details of the extension section format.

x509_extensions

this specifies the configuration file section containing a list of extensions to add to certificate generated when the -x509 switch is used. It can be overridden by the -extensions command line switch.

prompt

if set to the value no this disables prompting of certificate fields and just takes values from the config file directly. It also changes the expected format of the distinguished_name and attributes sections.

utf8

if set to the value yes then field values to be interpreted as UTF8 strings, by default they are interpreted as ASCII. This means that the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a configuration file, must be valid UTF8 strings.

attributes

this specifies the section containing any request attributes: its format is the same as distinguished_name. Typically these may contain the challengePassword or unstructuredName types. They are currently ignored by OpenSSL's request signing utilities but some CAs might want them.

distinguished_name

This specifies the section containing the distinguished name fields to prompt for when generating a certificate or certificate request. The format is described in the next section.

DISTINGUISHED NAME AND ATTRIBUTE SECTION FORMAT

There are two separate formats for the distinguished name and attribute sections. If the prompt option is set to no then these sections just consist of field names and values: for example, 

 CN=My Name
 OU=My Organization
 emailAddress=someone@somewhere.org

This allows external programs (e.g. GUI based) to generate a template file with all the field names and values and just pass it to req. An example of this kind of configuration file is contained in the EXAMPLES section.

Alternatively if the prompt option is absent or not set to no then the file contains field prompting information. It consists of lines of the form: 

 fieldName="prompt"
 fieldName_default="default field value"
 fieldName_min= 2
 fieldName_max= 4

``fieldName'' is the field name being used, for example commonName (or CN). The ``prompt'' string is used to ask the user to enter the relevant details. If the user enters nothing then the default value is used if no default value is present then the field is omitted. A field can still be omitted if a default value is present if the user just enters the '.' character.

The number of characters entered must be between the fieldName_min and fieldName_max limits: there may be additional restrictions based on the field being used (for example countryName can only ever be two characters long and must fit in a PrintableString).

Some fields (such as organizationName) can be used more than once in a DN. This presents a problem because configuration files will not recognize the same name occurring twice. To avoid this problem if the fieldName contains some characters followed by a full stop they will be ignored. So for example a second organizationName can be input by calling it ``1.organizationName''.

The actual permitted field names are any object identifier short or long names. These are compiled into OpenSSL and include the usual values such as commonName, countryName, localityName, organizationName, organizationUnitName, stateOrProvinceName. Additionally emailAddress is include as well as name, surname, givenName initials and dnQualifier.

Additional object identifiers can be defined with the oid_file or oid_section options in the configuration file. Any additional fields will be treated as though they were a DirectoryString.

EXAMPLES

Examine and verify certificate request: 

 openssl req -in req.pem -text -verify -noout

Create a private key and then generate a certificate request from it: 

 openssl genrsa -out key.pem 1024
 openssl req -new -key key.pem -out req.pem

The same but just using req: 

 openssl req -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout key.pem -out req.pem

Generate a self signed root certificate: 

 openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout key.pem -out req.pem

Example of a file pointed to by the oid_file option: 

 1.2.3.4        shortName       A longer Name
 1.2.3.6        otherName       Other longer Name

Example of a section pointed to by oid_section making use of variable expansion: 

 testoid1=1.2.3.5
 testoid2=${testoid1}.6

Sample configuration file prompting for field values: 

 [ req ]
 default_bits           = 1024
 default_keyfile        = privkey.pem
 distinguished_name     = req_distinguished_name
 attributes             = req_attributes
 x509_extensions        = v3_ca

 dirstring_type = nobmp

 [ req_distinguished_name ]
 countryName                    = Country Name (2 letter code)
 countryName_default            = AU
 countryName_min                = 2
 countryName_max                = 2

 localityName                   = Locality Name (eg, city)

 organizationalUnitName         = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section)

 commonName                     = Common Name (eg, YOUR name)
 commonName_max                 = 64

 emailAddress                   = Email Address
 emailAddress_max               = 40

 [ req_attributes ]
 challengePassword              = A challenge password
 challengePassword_min          = 4
 challengePassword_max          = 20

 [ v3_ca ]

 subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
 authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always
 basicConstraints = CA:true

Sample configuration containing all field values: 

 RANDFILE               = $ENV::HOME/.rnd

 [ req ]
 default_bits           = 1024
 default_keyfile        = keyfile.pem
 distinguished_name     = req_distinguished_name
 attributes             = req_attributes
 prompt                 = no
 output_password        = mypass

 [ req_distinguished_name ]
 C                      = GB
 ST                     = Test State or Province
 L                      = Test Locality
 O                      = Organization Name
 OU                     = Organizational Unit Name
 CN                     = Common Name
 emailAddress           = test@email.address

 [ req_attributes ]
 challengePassword              = A challenge password

NOTES

The header and footer lines in the PEM format are normally: 

 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
 -----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

some software (some versions of Netscape certificate server) instead needs: 

 -----BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
 -----END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----

which is produced with the -newhdr option but is otherwise compatible. Either form is accepted transparently on input.

The certificate requests generated by Xenroll with MSIE have extensions added. It includes the keyUsage extension which determines the type of key (signature only or general purpose) and any additional OIDs entered by the script in an extendedKeyUsage extension.

DIAGNOSTICS

The following messages are frequently asked about: 

        Using configuration from /some/path/openssl.cnf
        Unable to load config info

This is followed some time later by... 

        unable to find 'distinguished_name' in config
        problems making Certificate Request

The first error message is the clue: it can't find the configuration file! Certain operations (like examining a certificate request) don't need a configuration file so its use isn't enforced. Generation of certificates or requests however does need a configuration file. This could be regarded as a bug.

Another puzzling message is this: 

        Attributes:
            a0:00

this is displayed when no attributes are present and the request includes the correct empty SET OF structure (the DER encoding of which is 0xa0 0x00). If you just see: 

        Attributes:

then the SET OF is missing and the encoding is technically invalid (but it is tolerated). See the description of the command line option -asn1-kludge for more information.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

The variable OPENSSL_CONF if defined allows an alternative configuration file location to be specified, it will be overridden by the -config command line switch if it is present. For compatibility reasons the SSLEAY_CONF environment variable serves the same purpose but its use is discouraged.

BUGS

OpenSSL's handling of T61Strings (aka TeletexStrings) is broken: it effectively treats them as ISO-8859-1 (Latin 1), Netscape and MSIE have similar behaviour. This can cause problems if you need characters that aren't available in PrintableStrings and you don't want to or can't use BMPStrings.

As a consequence of the T61String handling the only correct way to represent accented characters in OpenSSL is to use a BMPString: unfortunately Netscape currently chokes on these. If you have to use accented characters with Netscape and MSIE then you currently need to use the invalid T61String form.

The current prompting is not very friendly. It doesn't allow you to confirm what you've just entered. Other things like extensions in certificate requests are statically defined in the configuration file. Some of these: like an email address in subjectAltName should be input by the user.

SEE ALSO

x509(1), ca(1), genrsa(1), gendsa(1), config(5), x509v3_config(5)